The newest sis repaired effects describe 65% of your own type in the knowledge inside try
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Inside our decide to try you can find https://brightwomen.net/fi/kuumat-irlantilaiset-naiset/ 676 sisters, off whom 302 was indeed ple (because they are from a family in which one girl is married very early) have dads with significantly all the way down academic attainment, will become Muslim, and generally are prone to live in rural elements
If we explore new the quantity that state and you can community repaired outcomes just take differences in social and you can economic disadvantage from the investigating their capability to determine adaptation inside informative attainment, we discover that town repaired effects explain over 29% with the version, a little more than the step 3% explained because of the province fixed outcomes. The majority of the type are not inside towns.
We first present estimations that handle getting province*time-trend FE following town*time-trend FE. We following go a step then from the to provide efficiency in which we estimate aunt repaired outcomes designs where coefficients is actually estimated of reviews regarding sisters, one of just who had married early therefore the almost every other exactly who did perhaps not. This testing regulation for all members of the family characteristics, both observable and you will unobservable, knowledgeable by siblings age.g., family background. That it yet not reduces brand new take to. Such email address details are hence best-read as being applicable to house from alot more traditional and lower socio-financial homes. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.